Learn About PC Virus :: Computer Virus

Find out About PC Virus A PC infection is a conceivably harming PC program intended to influence, or taint, your PC contrarily by changing the manner in which it works without your insight or consent. More in particular, a PC infection is a portion of program code that inserts itself in a PC document what's more, spreads deliberately starting with one record then onto the next. Infections can spread to your PC if an contaminated floppy plate is in the circle drive when you boot the PC, in the event that you run a tainted program, or in the event that you open a contaminated information document in a program. PC infections, be that as it may, don't create by some coincidence. Makers, or developers, of PC infection programs keep in touch with them for a particular reason †typically to cause a specific kind of indication or harm. Some infections are innocuous tricks that essentially freeze a PC briefly or show sounds or messages. At the point when the Music Bug infection is activated, for instance, it teaches the PC to play a couple of harmonies of music. Different infections, on the other hand, are intended to decimate or degenerate information put away on the tainted PC. In this way, the indication or harm brought about by an infection can be innocuous or cause noteworthy harm, as arranged by its maker. Infections have become a major issue as of late. Right now, in excess of 45,000 known infection programs exist and an expected six new infection programs are found every day. The expanded utilization of systems, the Internet, and email has quickened the spread of PC infections, by permitting people to share documents †and any related infections †more effectively than any time in recent memory. Kinds of Viruses Albeit various varieties are known, four fundamental sorts of infections exist: boot segment infections, record infections, Trojan pony infections, and large scale infections. A boot segment infection replaces the boot program used to begin a PC with an adjusted, tainted variant of the boot program. When the PC runs the contaminated boot program, the PC stacks the infection into its memory. Once the infection is in memory, it spreads to any circle embedded into the PC. A record infection joins itself to or replaces program records; the infection at that point spreads to any document that gets to the tainted program. A Trojan pony infection (named after the Greek legend) is an infection that covers up inside or is intended to resemble a real program. A full scale infection utilizes the large scale language of an application, for example, word preparing or spreadsheet, to shroud infection code. At the point when you open a archive that contains a contaminated full scale, the large scale infection loads into memory. Certain activities, for example, opening the archive, actuate the infection.

The Real Number System and Order of Operations Assignment

The Real Number System and Order of Operations - Assignment Example M represents Multiplication and it takes the third priority in the request for tasks. Taking a gander at this articulation, 4 x 8 †6 + 3, we duplicate 8 by 4 to get 32, at that point add 6 to 3 to get 9. Taking away 9 from 32 we get 23. S represents deduction. Any deducting order is executed last while doing the aggregates. In our above articulation, our last advance was to deduct 9 from 32 where we got 23. The request where the signs will follow each other is significant and it decides the appropriate response one gets. Following the right advances and requests in life is significant. For science understudies, following the right request of tasks and steps would mean the distinction between getting the ideal outcomes and getting a fiasco on the off chance that the means are stirred up. Take a case of the readiness of Potassium Hydroxide;- On the off chance that for instance an understudy exchanged the means and put the potassium into the water shower then because of the high reactivity of potassium with water, a blast would result. This fair assists with delineating the need to follow right strides in genuine

Post-apartheid Segregation in South Africa Essay example -- South Afri

All men ought to be treated as equivalent. In any case, a few people think they are better than the others. For very nearly fifty years, South Africans were isolated by politically-sanctioned racial segregation, a framework that isolated South Africans by their skin hues. The reason behind this framework was to isolate the minorities individuals from the whites for white minority to have control over the dark greater part. Numerous individuals needed to move out of their homes in assigned â€Å"White† zones despite the fact that they previously settled in the zones before the framework was built up. This framework formally arrived at end in mid 1990’s when Nelson Mandela came to control. Be that as it may, the remainders of politically-sanctioned racial segregation despite everything exist in South Africa. Subsequently I chose to explore the reasons for isolation in South Africa. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation began in when the Group Areas Act was presented in 1950. This law drove the dark individuals from the assigned â€Å"White† territories so as to achieve progressively impeccable isolation. As per Outcast Cape Town by John Western it expressed, â€Å"up to 1 of every 10 Capetonians (about completely blended race â€Å"Coloureds†) were shot out from their homes, so as to accomplish an increasingly flawless segregation† (Western, 1981,1996). Thus, such huge numbers of individuals lost their homes where they lived for their entire lifetime and needed to move out to the edges of the urban communities. The administration authorities guaranteed that the law was to forestall any racial clashes. Western expressed, â€Å"†¦ isolation is in light of a legitimate concern for all, is revered in the â€Å"friction theory†¦ the conviction is basically that any contact between the races unavoidably delivers conflict† (W estern, 1981, 1996). It’s an entirely decent claim for presenting the law by saying that â€Å"we need harmony among each people†. In any case, in truth, the law just profited the white minority. The g... ...riority. New York Times, March 23, 2012. https://blackboard.syr.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-3178578-dt-content-free 8098063_1/courses/33750.1142/Polgreen 2012.pdf (got to March 5, 2014). Teppo, An, and M Houssay-Holzschuch. Transformation for Liberalism. Canadian Review African Studies. (2013). https://blackboard.syr.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-3178564-dt-content-free 8098064_1/courses/33750.1142/Teppo and Houssay-Holzschuch 2013.pdf (got to March 4, 2014). Tony, Samara. Cape Town After Apartheid Crime And Governance in the Divided City. (2011). https://blackboard.syr.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-3178520-dt-content-free 8098076_1/courses/33750.1142/Samara 2011.pdf (got to March 5, 2014). Western, John. Untouchable Cape Town. (1981, 1996). https://blackboard.syr.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-3178075-dt-content-free 8094165_1/courses/33750.1142/Western_excerpts.pdf (got to March 5, 2014).

Web Site Evaluation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Site Evaluation Paper - Essay Example The article Site Evaluation Paper finds the assessment of Forbes site. The site characterizes the qualifications of the creator by indicating that he was a piece of the Great Premium Content Experiment at AOL as a media feature writer for the business site Daily Finance. In that capacity, he has authority and validity to creator this website page. Besides, the early on materials uncover that the creator was inspired to distribute this data on the web. Actually, the creator guarantees that he would be exhausted if things were not distinctive which implies he is persuaded to distribute this data on the web. At last, the site gives the contact data of the creator by offering his email address, his twitter record, and his Google account, which implies that the crowd can react to his works and communicate with him openly. The website’s reason to advise, clarify, or convince is exceptionally clear. The title of the site mirrors an unmistakable conclusion that the site tries to go to the intended interest group. The title, â€Å"Larry Page: Google Should Be Thinking Bigger with Its R&D† mirrors an unmistakable reason to educate, and convince the crowd. To be sure, the site is unequivocal, as the title rules out disarray or uncertainty about the author’s perspective. Indeed, the site begins by presenting the author’s purposes of concern, which are a portion of the blue-sky items that Google is growing at this point. The site demonstrates obviously that the creator has an alliance with a particular association by declaring that Jeff Bercovici is Forbes. staff. It proceeds to give the organization’s space as a major aspect of the author’s contact data by giving his email as jbercovici@forbes.com (Bercovici 1). A large portion of all, the site doesn't show its particular crowd since it guarantees the creator covers media, business, diversion, and innovation. We can set up that the theme secured by the site is clear since it is unequivocal. In any case, some portion of the crowd probably won't recognize what the initials R&D mean in this unique circumstance and henceforth some vagueness. The site similarly utilizes a simple language to introduce the pertinent data talking about the point and in this way its clearness and viability. Remarkably, the site shows reasonable profundity and breadth to satisfy its motivation. With this impact, the site utilizes important data, presents the inward and significant subtleties of the organization in reference, cites the perspectives on applicable business pioneers (Bercovici 1), and coordinates all snippets of data to help the author’s see. For sure, the data introduced by the site plainly bolsters the assessment of the creator. It utilizes recorded proof like when it cites the case of Google’s monstrous accomplishment in versatile (Bercovici 1). It additionally cites the genuine expressions of Google CEO, Larry Page who tried to convince financial specialists on the reasonability of the present venture. The site obviously expresses the wellsprings of data and we can to be sure find out that the data is unique. This is on the grounds that the creator utilizes direct statements to state what

Karma-Yoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Karma-Yoga - Essay Example The activity way proposed in Bhagavad-Gita shows somebody how to stay on the planet, carrying out their responsibilities and still get capability for the profound life. It is in opposition to the basic feeling that individuals ought to go to the woodland, deny their common things, away from the network like a give in and do reflection or tapas to accomplish self-acknowledgment. As indicated by Hindu, Karma works both in a lifetime and across lifetimes; the activities results may just get experienced after the life in the present. Idealistic or great activities, congruity activities with dharma, will get great reactions or responses while awful activities, those that are against dharma will get the contrary outcomes. Krishna clarifies that activities tie individuals to their subject and effect them to their karma. However, it doesn't imply that non-activity or inaction is an answer for karma issue. Plainly none of the activities, non-activity, wrong activity and right activity, give people opportunity by repudiating work or keeping away from work. It is on the grounds that one can't stay inert as the gunas drive every one weakly in performing activities truly and intellectually. Right activity is the point at which one who know reality with regards to capacities and characteristics of their capacities, understanding gunas as faculties and will in general move between them as the sense-objects. An off-base activity is the point at which an individual misled by pride depicts the Self with the brain, body, the faculties, and life-powers, crediting to the Self each body’s qualities and the faculties (Sargeant 5).

EVALUATION OF LLOYDS BANKING GROUP AND ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND BANKING - Free Essay Example

Purpose of selection- We selected the method of ratio analysis because it would give us a quantitative analysis of the performance of two banks over a period of 5 years. And the analysis of the performance with the ratios will lead us to a meaningful conclusion. Ratios calculated: Profitability Ratio It tells us that how well the bank has been in generating profit through its operations. Asset Utilisation It shows the expertise of the banks in generating sales through the use of its assets. Leverage Ratio- It gives an idea of the capital mix of the banks i.e. the extent to which they have used debt and equity in their capital structure. Liquidity Ratio Provides an idea of the liquidity position of the banks i.e. their ability to meet the short term commitments. We calculated individually all these ratios for the two banks over a period of 5 years to see how well have they been performing. Based on the ratios we would make our conclusion on the performance of the banks. The key ratios that we would compare are Return on Equity = Net Income/ Average total equity Return on Asset = Net Income/ Average total asset Asset Utilisation Ratio = Net Sales/ Average total assets Leverage Ratio = Assets/ Equity The ratios for the banks are RATIOS OF THE TWO BANKS These ratios help us in making a conclusion about the performance of the two banks. As can be seen from the Profitability ratios, over the period of last five years Lloyds banks has a greater Return on equity which suggests that they have been able to generate more value for the shareholders than Royal bank of Scotland. Also clear from the ratios is the fact that the profitability of both the banks has decreased over the last five years. RBS was in loss for last two years but Lloyds managed to maintain a small profit margin. We will further investigate the reason for this difference through our DuPont analysis. We decided to calculate the asset utilisation ratio to see how efficient has the banks been in utilising their assets to generate sales. It can be clearly seen from the ratios that Lloyds bank has been more efficient over the years, however the efficiency for both the banks have been going down which can be attributed to the recent financial crisis. Leverage ratio is to find the capital mix of both the banks i.e. what is the proportion of debt and equity in the capital structure. We calculated the leverage ratios and found that both the banks are highly geared with a leverage ratio between 20 to 30. However over the last five years Lloyds has been more geared than RBS. We calculated the liquidity ratio to have an idea of what is the liquidity position of these banks. We found that Lloyds has maintained a better liquidity position and is in a better position to meet its short term commitments. To make things more clear we drew some graphs of the key ratios to come up with the trends. By our analysis using the ratios we found that though the performance of the two banks has gone down over the period, Lloyds has been able to generate more profit than RBS by utilising its asset better. In their performance there is also a role played by leverage which we will discuss in the DuPont analysis. DuPont ANALYSIS- As we know that ROE measures the return that a bank generates on its equity for its shareholders. We apply the DuPont analysis to understand what drives the ROE i.e. which factors affect the ROE by decomposing it in some basic ratios. By doing this we can understand what brings the difference in ROE of the two banks. The DuPont analysis is based on- Where- -RETURN ON EQUITY = NET INCOME/ SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY -RETURN ON ASSET = NET INCOME/ TOTAL ASSET -LEVERAGE= TOTAL ASSET/ SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY -NET PROFIT MARGIN= NET INCOME/ REVENUE An indicator of gow much a company derives per one money unit of sales. -ASSET TURNOVER = REVENUE/ TOTAL ASSET -TAX BURDEN= NET INCOME/ EARNING BEFORE TAX Effect of taxes on ROE. It shows how much of a companys pretax profit it gets to keep. -INTEREST BURDEN= EARNING BEFORE TAX/ EARNING BEFORE INTEREST AND TAX It measures the effect of interest on ROE. Higher borrowing cost reduces ROE. -EBIT( Earning befor interest and tax) MARGIN= EBIT/ REVENUE It measures the effect of operating profit on ROE. This basically shows that ROE is directly affected by ROA and Leverage. ROA in turn is affected by net profit margin and asset turnover. If net profit margin is positive,higher the asset turnover higher is the ROA and if its negative, higher the asset turnover lower would be ROA. Net profit margin is affected by EBIT margin, Interest burden and Tax burden. If all these ratios are posive higher they are better is the ROE. We analysed the ROE using DuPont analysis for the last five years but have shown the flowchart for the last year to show how it works. LLOYDS DuPont ANALYSIS (2009) ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND DuPont ANALYSIS(2009) By doing this analysis we can understand what affected the ROE for the banks. The breakdown of ROE indicates that RBS lower profitability was due to a lower ROA which can be further investigated. The roots of a low ROA for RBS goes down to its negative interest burden, which basically reflects that the Earning before tax for RBS was in negative i.e. there was a loss. This loss is reflected in net profit margin and return on asset. Because of the high leverage the loss in ROA of -.16% is multiplied and is reflected as -2.82% in ROE. The opposite happens for Lloyds bank. Lloyds has a ROA of .28% but because of the equity multiplier of 20.96, the ROE becomes 5.77% which is a good return in the present conditions. A point to notice is the role of leverage in determining the ROE. It increases both profit and loss and thats why its said a double edged sword which should be used carefully. For both banks equity is just a small portion of total capital. If we look at the DuPont analysis of RBS for a period of 5 years, we can conclude that the performance of the bank has been deteriorating with a negative effect on nearly all the elements, but the bank has recovered well over the last year where it improved its performance from -29.45% ROE to -2.82% which can be seen as a result of reduction in its leverage. Sales have been adversely affected in the recent year which is evident from the low asset turnover ratio which has reduced over the years. For Lloyds bank the ROE has gone down to nearly 5% for last 2 years from nearly 25% for the period of 2006- 2007. The major difference in the ROE can be seen at tax burden and interest burden. Interest burden drastically decreased showing earning before tax is a little fraction of earnings before interest and tax. This is because EBIT was small which made interest expense a large portion of EBIT therefore reducing EBT drastically. The other factor, Tax burden drastically increased showing that Net income was a large portion of EBT. This is because due to low profit there was no tax charges rather there was a tax rebate which made Net income more than earning before tax for some years. To support our claim we present the five years breakdown of the ROE for the two banks in the following tables- 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 ROE 5.77% 5.08% 26.47% 24.35% 24.45% Tax burden 271.3% 101.57% 82.22% 65.98% 65.26% Interest burden 5.52% 5.87% 37.69% 38.78% 38.91% EBIT margin 42.88% 63.34% 48.21% 52.83% 53.63% Asset turnover .042 0.046 0.062 0.060 0.059 Leverage 20.96 28.69 28.43 29.85 30.38 LLOYDS ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 ROE 5.77% 5.08% 26.47% 24.35% 24.45% Tax burden 271.3% 101.57% 82.22% 65.98% 65.26% Interest burden 5.52% 5.87% 37.69% 38.78% 38.91% EBIT margin 42.88% 63.34% 48.21% 52.83% 53.63% Asset turnover .042 0.046 0.062 0.060 0.059 Leverage 20.96 28.69 28.43 29.85 30.38 Conclusion- Overall Lloyds bank managed their resource which is why it managed to keep its ROE positive and way above RBS over the last 5 years. So based on DuPont time series and cross section analysis Lloyds bank is the winner. Limitations- As we based our analysis on ratios, there are some limitations inherent to ratio analysis which is the limitations of our performance analysis. They are- -Banks may use alternative accounting methods which will have an effect on their ratios. -Ratio analysis is based on the person judging it. -This analysis may be misleading if the accounts are wind dressed. -It only takes into account the quantitative characteristics and ignores the qualitative point of view.

My Statement of Purpose Chemical Engineering - 535 Words

Statement of Purpose Introduction The creativity and innate power of chemistry to create entirely new products, from pharmaceutical drugs to high grade gasoline to the polymers used on spacecraft including the U.S. Space Shuttle, have long fascinated me. The innate attributes of these compounds and their ability to withstand exceptional stress, heat and the gravitational forces outside the earths atmosphere have long captivated my imagination. As a child I often studied all I could in the areas of chemical engineering, saving up my allowance for the best chemistry sets and compounds I could afford. Chemistry quickly became a passion of mine as I strove to learn more and apply the knowledge I was gaining through these experiences. Interest in Engineering and Telecommunications It became quickly apparent that my greatest skills are in calculus, math, science and physics were well suited for the study of chemical engineering. As I continued to study this area, my interest continued to accelerate toward the more complex aspects of chemistry including polymer definitions and the study of chemical alloy construction. Learning Beyond Curriculum The logical progression of my study of chemical engineering has been to embrace the concepts of advanced polymers and the use of advanced testing and formation systems to evaluate how entirely new polymers can be created. In studies of how chemical engineering can be made most effective, the combining of theoretical andShow MoreRelatedMy Statement of Purpose: Engineering Management995 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Purpose (new text in red) Introduction Chemical engineering fascinated me at an early age, as the transformation of many different, potentially conflicting compounds could be brought together to create entirely new products. The greatest innovations in consumer packaged goods (CPG), medicines and most recently in the areas of sustainability and environmental engineering can all be attributed to the core concepts of chemical engineering (Glavic, 2006). The continual evolution ofRead MoreMy Solitary Purpose Of Applying For Graduate Program1727 Words   |  7 PagesStatement of Purpose My solitary purpose of applying for graduate program at your university is to pursue a carrier of professional researcher and educationalist in the field of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. After completing my PhD and post doctorate programs, I want to see myself as a fully matured professional researcher in an organization, or a faculty member in a renowned university. And graduate program is the first step in attaining of my long cherished dream. In addition to that,Read MoreMy Statement of Purpose Focusing on Learning beyond Curriculum900 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Purpose Introduction The continual pursuit of knowledge is a passion of mine, specifically in the areas of electronics, network and telecommunication engineering and development. Prior to embarking on my formal academic career to study these fields, I self-taught myself much of the core concepts of electronics, networking and telecommunications. The intent of this statement of purpose is to explain how learning beyond the curriculum is so valuable in creating a foundation of expertiseRead MoreStop Using Products That Have Been Tested On Animals And Show Them The Other Choices That They Have Out Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesSpecific Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to motivate my audience to stop using products that have been tested on animals and show them the other choices that they have out there. Introduction: Attention Step: According to PETA, â€Å"Animals are also used in toxicity tests conducted as part of massive regulatory testing programs that are often funded by U.S. taxpayers’ money. The Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program, and the U.S. DepartmentRead MoreOpening And Closing : An Epidemic Of Different Types Of Leukemia1143 Words   |  5 Pages Rheynellen Cuaderno October 11, 2016 Plaintiff Opening Closing: Brenda Dorantes Medical: Josary Perez Chemical:Trinity Blackmon Epidemiology: Julia Xiao Hydrogeologist: Rheynellen Cuaderno  Statement of Charges: Anderson v. Cryovac Inc. The town of Woburn, MA was stricken with an epidemic of different types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which affected 8 families. The mere notion that such rare cases occurred within a half mile radius of each other was a call for attentionRead MoreQuestions 641 Answers1197 Words   |  5 Pagesused relating to types, purpose and limitations of each type, the work situation, occupational use and the general work environment, in relation to: – collective protective measures – personal protective equipment (PPE) – respiratory protective equipment (RPE) – Local exhaust ventilation (LEV). 1.4 See Training Hand-out section 1, pages 1, 2 3 Why do we need PPE and safety equipment? The purpose of PPE is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controlsRead MoreStatement of Purpose Mba4301 Words   |  18 PagesSample Statement of Purpose: MBA The term â€Å"globalism† has become overused, and often misused. In fact, we might say that it has actually been devalued to the level of the everyday language of buzzword-brandishing marketing pundits. Such freewheeling usage has perhaps prompted many a CEO (or future CEO) to launch into a global plan or strategy without proper consideration of the demands and dynamics of the international marketplace. Many would-be globetrotters neglect the acquisition of language skillsRead MoreJet Personal Statement Of Purpose Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pages JET Personal Statement of Purpose (SoP) Advice The Statement of Purpose is the part of the application which likely plays a huge part in any success. Take your time crafting the best Personal Statement you can. Your SoP should elaborate on the strengths you ve brought up in your application, and should refer to the traits JET is looking for. Provide brief anecdotes about experiences you ve listed in the application. Show some personality, give the interviewers a reason to remember you. Also, haveRead MoreEssay Food Products and Biotechnology1636 Words   |  7 Pagesabout Biotechnology and its use in creating new food products. In researching this paper, I found there is a lot of information on this subject and a lot of debate on the creation of genetically altered food, medicine, crops, and more. I decided to do my paper on the genetically altered food part of the subject. I will discuss what biotechnology is, who is for it and who is against it, and what some of the ethical concerns are when it comes to growing genetically mo dified (GM) crops. THE FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGYRead MoreWaste Segregator Chapter 11605 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide feedback. There are other different kinds of sensor that perform different functions. These technologies when combine with other technologies will surely lead to inventions of new machines not only for segregating waste but also for different purposes. 1.1 Background of the Problem Waste, has remained to be the most visible and dangerous environmental problem in the country. Due to a growing population, rapidly increasing consumption and increasing urbanization, waste generated in the Philippines

Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House - 1005 Words

Readers of Henrik Ibsen work will notice he tends to incorporate everyday problems into his work. Ibsen use of everyday problem gives audience better insight to better relate to his plays, and reflect upon their own situations which would also make his plays believable. Ibsen would make his endings occasionally open-ended. Ibsen would do this, so audience members could think for themselves. It would be up to the crowd’s own interpretation on how the characters would continue life. In The English Review article â€Å"A New World for Women† writer Stephanie Forward claims â€Å"Henrik Ibsen’s Plays were staged as part of a privately subsidized feminist experimental project†. Which brings the topic of Henrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Ibsen’s stage†¦show more content†¦The Nanny abandoned her child in order to financially take care of herself. Mrs. Linde is a representation of Nora’s yearning for freedom. M rs. Linde search for a job represents how she is trying to begin a new life for herself. During Mrs. Linde marriage to her deceased husband, she felt as if she was being controlled. Mrs. Linde lost her ambition because she was busy taking care of other people in her family. Nora tries to sympathize with Mrs. Linde by telling her about the situation with her husband and how they were once poor. While talking Nora begins to let it slip that in order to get out of debt she received the money illegally. Nora never told her secret to her husband and it is not revealed who she owns this debt to until later. The person to whom she owes the debt to is Krogstad. All the other characters are oblivious to Krogstad motives for being at the Helmer’s house except Nora. Krogstad threatens to tell the truth, and displays how he is also controlling Nora as a doll. Krogstad, however, is not an evil person as he sympathizes with Nora by pointing out â€Å"Even money-lenders, / hacks, well, a man like me, /can have a little of what you call feeling, / you know.† (101-105). Krogstad reasoning for wanting to blackmail Nora is, so he can keep his job. Krogstad purpose is not to achieve a higher social status rather, his primary goal is to make sure his family is financially safe. Nora was going to ask Dr. Rank for money until he professed his loveShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Vict orian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†

Symptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 843 Words

The client is showing symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD. Under the DSM-V the diagnostic code follows 309.81 (F43.10) and finds the criteria by clinically significant distress or impairment in social and/or occupational dysfunction for a period of at least one month and symptoms are not due to medical condition, medication or drugs and alcohol. PTSD symptoms include nightmares, flashbacks, sleep disturbance, mood disorders, suicidal ideation, avoidance, and hyper-arousal in response to trauma-related stimuli. Common symptoms related to PTSD may include insomnia, attention deficit problems, and anhedonia. Common comorbid disorders are depression, anxiety, and substance addiction. Under the symptoms hyper-arousal individual may†¦show more content†¦Josh has also stopped all his activities he used to enjoy and has detached himself from everything. Josh also shows signs of the diagnostic criteria of PTSD Dissociative Subtype. His inability to continue work because of his unbearable fears of reliving the trauma of his fiancà ©s death demonstrates the characteristics of the subtype. When completing an assessment with the client the three components to consider are biological, cultural and family factors. Understanding Josh’s parents’ concerns of his detachment, it is seen that he has good family support and will have help through his therapeutic treatment. It is important to tread lightly with family consideration due the events in which caused Josh to have the apparent symptoms he does presently with the death of his fiancà © who is a major void in his life. Although this will be a touchy topic for the client, the support from his family will be beneficial to working through his struggles of treatment and moving forward. The consideration of cultural experience will be difficult with working through the client’s fears and unbearable desires of being in the area of his fiancà © death and being a part of life due to his unwillingness desire to be dissociated from everyone and everything. Cultural considerationShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Tr eatments Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder2995 Words   |  12 PagesAdam Baggs Mrs. Guzzo ENG3UI Monday, October 20, 2014 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENTS OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN RELATION TO HOLDEN CAUFIELD INTRODUCTION Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can affect any person who experiences a traumatic event throughout their life. Experiencing death at a young age and lack of parental support through a hard time can lead a young adult to develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (P.T.S.D.). In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, When Holden’sRead MoreSymptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagesresponse to a harmful event or threat of survival. However, this reaction to danger can be damaged or altered due to Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD usually occurs after a terrifying event that involves physical harm, or the threat of it. Instead of the body having a natural response to danger, this â€Å"flight-or-fight† reaction could occur at any given, uncontrollable moment. Traumatic events including rape, child abuse, natural disasters, and car accidents are one of the many things that can triggerRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes Symptoms and Effects Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesor suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. What this number does not include are the 39,365 cases of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (more commonly known as PTSD). (Department 2009) Although we usually think of war injuries as being physical, one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and the effects can be devastating to a redeploying soldier who has come in contact with severely traumatic experiences. PTSDRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiencing symptoms of PTSD usually start experiencing them, within 3 months of the traumatic incident (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). If an individual is experiencing symptoms, they must last for more than a month and be severe enough to interfere with the individual’s everyday life for a physician to diagnosis the condition as PTSD (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). There has been success with patients recovering from the condition within 6 months of the traumatic event, whileRead MoreSymptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1740 Words   |  7 PagesAcross the nation there are children, both male and female, who suffer from symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) each day. These children are victims of a variety of trauma, such as â€Å"natural disasters, war, sexual abuse, witnessing violent behavior on another person, serious life-thr eatening illness, and community violence† (Sauter Franklin, 1998). For years, â€Å"studies have been done to understand the relationship [of] the prevalence of PTSD in children who experience trauma† (SauterRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1103 Words   |  5 PagesPOST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ADDAE Y. ATTAKORAH PRAIRIE STATE COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGY 101 5/3/16 INTRODUCTION Many of the war veterans who came home from the Vietnam War came home with PTSD or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder which is a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event- either through experiencing it or witnessing it. Although it happens most to those who serve in the military, it can happen to anyone who goes either goes through or witnesses a traumatic eventRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder2753 Words   |  12 Pagesexperience PTSD. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can last for many years, though some recover after 6-12 months. (Anxiety, n.p.) Like panic disorders, a person with PTSD may look to alcohol to cope with their feelings. Those with PTSD may have another type of anxiety and depression may also accompany the symptoms of the anxiety disorder. Do you ever feel self-conscious in situations with a lot of people? Do you get nervous thinking about standing in front of people and what they will think of youRead MorePost-traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment1612 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Statement of Thesis Post-traumatic stress disorder is a serious condition and one that is challenging in terms of identifying the disorder and effectively coping with this disorder. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that the individual develops following a terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm. The person who develops PTSD may have been the one who was harmed, the harm may have happened toRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1033 Words   |  5 Pagesdepressive disorder that I chose for my final paper is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or more commonly known as PSTD. This is a very complex disorder and effects men, women, and children alike. Most people associate PSTD with servicemen or women returning from defending our country. However, statistics show these people do experience PTSD, they are not the only people this disorder effects. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a reaction a person has after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic, lifeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1189 Words   |  5 Pagesbattle fatigue, Post Traumatic Stress Diso rder has been around since the history of stressful events themselves. First discovered in the 1600’s as nostalgia, it was usually left untreated as it was seen as a sign of weakness in men. In the early years of diagnosis’s, PTSD was most commonly present in soldiers due to their always present high stress situations. PTSD is a mental illness caused by traumatizing events or series of events. As defined by healthline.com, a traumatic event is â€Å"an incident

Intel Research Exploring the Future - 1130 Words

Intel Research: Exploring the Future This report discusses the case study ‘Intel Research: Exploring the Future [1], published in 2005 by the Harvard Business School. The discussion is divided into three different sections: overview, analysis and conclusion. 1-Overview In 2013, Intel spent more than 10.6 billion in Research and Development (Ramp;D), and became the third biggest spender in Ramp;D. Intel invests in Ramp;D to get on with Moore’s Law, an observation by company co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965 that computing power doubles every two years. As the company works to cram more transistors onto its circuits, development eats most of the company’s Ramp;D spending. â€Å"It’s getting more expensive to do the development piece of it†¦show more content†¦The second objective is to find disruptive innovations that threaten the product roadmap and which, ideally, can be incorporated into corporate strategy to yield a competitive advantage [3]. In 1999, David Tennenhouse became the vice president and director of research at Intel Corporation. Tennenenhouse previously served as chief scientist and director of the Information Technology office of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) [4]. He borrowed lessons from DARPA for developing a new exploratory research process for Intel (Figure 2) [1]. Figure 2. The exploratory research process 2-Analysis The exploratory research process is somewhat analogous to a signal detection and amplification system. The output is a new strategy and/or a roadmap for new research developments. The input must be identified through constantly scanning or â€Å"sampling† the environment for new research developments, then filtering these â€Å"signals† to identify a subset of potentially relevant opportunities. These opportunities must then be â€Å"amplified† through internal and external research before making a strategic decision to move them toward technology and product development [1, 3]. Today most of new ideas in electronics flow through leading universities and their faulty. Exploratory research has a close connection with universities. Intel had a mechanism for providing grants to universities. But manyShow MoreRelatedHow The Market Works And Learn Skills At Investing Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesprofile he joined the contest GEB 1011. Starting with $50,000 and he had to invest in the stock market. The objective of this contest was to learn How the Market Works and learn skills at investing. The student had no idea what to do, so he began exploring the website and watching the tutorial videos that were founded in the options of the Howth Marke works. When he got more familiar with the web page and knowing what he had to do; he started by looking different companies and comparing different dataRead MoreManaging A Portfolio At Investing Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pageshe  joined  to the contest  GEB  1011, and  starting  with 50,000$  and he  had  to invest in the stock market.   The objective of this contest was to learn how the stock marketing works and learn skills at investing.   The student  had  no idea what to do, so he began  exploring  the website and watching the  tutorial videos that were founded in the options of the howthemarketworks. When he  got more familiar with the  web-page  and knowing  what he had  to  do; he  started  by  looking  different companies and  comparing  different  dataRead MoreCase Study - Intel This is a strategic management case3101 Words   |  13 PagesKEY DRIVERS What drove Intel? Craig Barrett, appointed executive vice president in January 1990, believes that the world changes and the centre of gravity shifts. We need to shift with it. . Intel recognises the need for continually analysing and reviewing its strategies in order to meet the changes and challenges that come from the external environments so as to meet the stakeholders expectations. Intel strives for business renewal and revitalisation as a way of dealing effectively with theRead MoreThe School For The Blind s Mission939 Words   |  4 Pagesdigital resources at home so they can enhance their learning experience. The students chose the Dell computer because of its ability to use available software, the cost, free professional development and technical trading from Dell, Microsoft, and Intel. Each class has iPads from Pre-Kindergarten through the third grade to allow for an introduction to technology. Grades higher than this are encouraged to take their iPads home with them to en courage learning with parent permission. High school studentsRead MoreBrief History of Library Automation: 1930-19961718 Words   |  7 PagesLibrary Automation: 1930-1996 An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the librarys key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it is possible to return to past centuries when visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist with their book lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the French Book WheelRead MoreE Ink Case Study Analysis Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pagestechnology is well positioned to become the dominant design in markets where E Ink has large market shares and high revenue potential. E Ink should focus its future development strategies and resources on improving and expanding the capabilities of its existing film technology to achieve dominant design status. In addition, E Ink should secure Intel Capital funding and use it to develop display-manufacturing capabilities to transition from a materials supplier to a display supplier business model. Read MorePort Of Soc A Community Based Action Approach1613 Words   |  7 Pageseastern board of the United States. Background Mr. Hamilton called me for assistance later on. He was planning to add some infrastructure just outside of Laventille and needed my help with deciding on a location and course of action. Through my research, I realized that there were very few vacant homes in the compact town and any infrastructure built would have to be placed on the outskirts of the city. There was a nice site just outside of the town that had been abandoned for years because noRead MoreEssay on The Research and Development Process4444 Words   |  18 PagesThe Research and Development Process Manufacturing companies Research and Development (R D) groups significantly contribute to United States fast-paced industrial technology development. They promote industrial growth, and enhance the social well-being of the people. Normally, companies, especially those with enough resources, accept research contracts from the government and the private-sector to undertake the research of: - Medium and long-term applied researchRead MoreA Brief History of Library Automation1491 Words   |  6 PagesAn automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the librarys key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it is possible to return to past centuries when visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist with their book lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the French Book Wheel allowed scholars toRead MoreAPPLE SAMSUNG4332 Words   |  18 PagesInitially building telephone switchboards, Samsung expanded in to telephone and fax systems which eventually shifted to mobile phone manufacturing. The mobile phone business was grouped together with Samsung Electronics which began to invest heavily in research and development throughout the 1980 s. During this time Samsung Electronics expanded in to Portugal, New York, Tokyo, England and Austin, Texas. In 1987 with the death of Lee Byung-chull, the Samsung group was separated in to four business groups

Information Security U.S. E-commerce Website

Question: Discuss about the Information Security for U.S. E-commerce Website. Answer: Part A Acer's e-commerce website hit by a customer data breach Introduction In this part of the report, it will describe in detail a news story related to computer security breach in the month amid April to August 2016. It will discuss about the actual problem that the company faced and who all were the victims to the attack. It will also discuss about the attack procedure how it may have been carried out and what all could be the preventive measures in future ahead. Problem Statement ACER, a Taiwanese MNC, famous for its hardware and electronics, suffered security breach of its U.S. e-commerce website, which left its customers confidential information exposed who made any purchase from the site in the last one year. The number of users and clients affected by the attack has not been stated yet but in a draft letter sent by company to all its customers says that they are taking every possible measure to remediate this security issue and are even taking help of cyber-security experts from outside. In an article published by Peter Loshin, he gave the roughly idea of number of victims as 34,500. The breach was observed by the company in mid of June 2016 (Loshin 2016). Impact of attack All the customers who have purchased any product from the U.S. e-commerce website of Acer between May 12, 2015 and April 28, 2016 are suspected to be the victim of the hacking. It is believed that their personal data has been compromised which includes full names, home addresses, email addresses, Phone numbers, credit card numbers, Validation dates and even CVV numbers which could result in loss of money from the bank accounts of customers. No evidence has been found for login credentials being hacked such as username and passwords of clients and customers or of any employee (Matei 2016). Acer has asked its customers to keep a watch on their bank accounts and notify to the company in case any unauthorised activity observed. How was the attack carried out? Even though the company has not stated anything exact about the method used to carry out the attack and hack the website of the company, still the investigators are trying to build the scene of how the attack might be carried out (Stuart 2016). Investigators think that SQL injection is the one technique by which hackers might have manipulated the data out of Acers website. Websites have been vulnerable to this kind of attack in past also. The hacker announced publically through a blog that he already warned Acer in some manner about the bug bounty program which they should install but they didnt seem to care about it and hence the loss (Stuart 2016). Preventive Measures to stop further Attacks Acer has hired experts from the field of cyber-attacks and is investigating the attack. However the damage done already cannot be undone but it could be prevented in case any further attack takes place (Prabhu 2016). Groveunder, the spokesperson from Acer said that if the forms that have been filled by users to make a purchase would have been encrypted, then this type of mishap would havent take place at all. Acer gets major confidential data of clients on their website though fill-up forms and it is must for the company to have encryption techniques attached with the forms. Also various other measures could be taken to prevent these types of attacks Using SSL: Amidst companys database and website when the data transfer is taking place, the SSL protocol used to transfer the data which might be very confidential must pass through encryption (Prabhu 2016). Install a Web Application Firewall (WAF): It can be either software or hardware based firewall which sets amid data connection and companys website server and detects data which passes through it. The majority of WAFs coming in modern times is based on cloud. It blocks all the hacking attempts and even filters the undesired advertisements and spam mails. It is considered as one of the best way to avoid attack to the system (Keane 2016). Install Security Applications: Some free plugins are available online which adds an extra level of security to the website and it becomes difficult for hackers to attack the website for example Acunetix WP Security hides the identity of ones websites CMS and provides protection to it (Correa 2016). Conclusions The attack at Acers ecommerce website is another perfect example of cyber-crime and the presence of hackers into the network without a single clue of their presence (Keane 2016). The employees and other individuals need to be aware of every possible threat that could harm them or the company and should be very attentive to what is happening to their system. Hackers attacked the website for a whole year and no one was able to detect it, this shows the absence of awareness amongst its employees (Matei 2016). Part B Anthem medical data breach case 2015 Introduction Anthem Inc., an American Health Insurance company, is amongst nations largest health insurers and was in news for more than six months last year. Anthem Inc. suffered a major cyber-attack on Jan 29th, 2015, leaving millions of customers of the company threatened for their identity for the entire life span (Whitney 2015). Problem Statement Anthem Inc. suffered a major cyber-attack to its IT systems. The motive of the attackers was to get personal data of the clients of the Anthem Inc. The spokesperson of the company released the news about the attack and security breach on 4th Feb, 2015 (Mathews 2015). The investigators believed that the intruders hacked the system somewhere around mid-December 2014, and was continually hacking the information since then, till it was known. The spokesperson stated on 4th Feb, 2015 that companys servers and systems has been attacked and personal information of their former and present clients has been leaked which might be around 38 million. In another statement on 24th Feb, 2016 the toll rose to 79 million approx. as it was stated by a member of the company (Riley 2015). Impact of Attack Anthem breach case affected mostly to its clients who are either present members or were former members of any plans associated with the company. Along with them, some members who take Anthem served health services such as members of Blue cross and Blue Shield plans might have suffered too. Some individuals who were offered any Anthem or non-Anthem plans by their employers reported that they are the part of suffered victims as well (Abelson and Goldstein 2015). Hackers intrude into the system to steal personal identifiable information about the clients of Anthem for example email address, birthdates, full name, home address, employment information, social security number and people who are the victim of this attack might suffer their entire life span for the identity theft related problems ( Abelson and Creswellfeb 2015). The investigators did not found any clue regarding any information leak related to credit cards and bank accounts of anyone. Also no proof has been found for information leak related to medical information of the patient such as diagnostic codes, test results or claims (Abelson and Creswellfeb 2015).. How was the attack carried out? On 29th of January, 2015, an employee at Anthems Inc. noticed that system is running an unknown query, yet very complex. Employee checked for the same thinking that some other employee from the company might have run it for a job, but after checking he found that query had been run from some external environment and is resulting in loss of information. Immediately an alarm was raised and in minutes it was known in the company that they have suffered a crisis owing to major cyber-attack (Mathews and Yadron 2015). The team who investigated Anthems case stated that attackers might have sent an internal message to the employees which they make it as a mail from the company and employees got tricked to click to it and as soon someone might have clicked on it they gained access to the companys admin page and hacked the credentials of one of the administrator along with five other employees of the company. A news channel also stated in news that attackers of the Anthems case belongs to China and had planned the entire scenario from there only. (Terry 2015). Hackers could have used Windows, Java or any such other equipment which might have been proved helpful to them to chase out the data. This was not cleared that whether the employees whose credentials were used to theft data contains the one who raised the alarm. What could have been done to prevent the attack? Anthem suffered an attack which could have been done either by an insider i.e. an employee of the company or it might be the work of outsider by phishing employees of Anthem to explore data from them. For an employee its a very easy task as he could use own credentials to get the data and if it was the work of an outsider then he might have confused an employee by a mail which might have looked as if from known person. Whatsoever the case be, hackers already intruded into the walls of the companys website and whatever may the security measure be or firewalls, it would not have prevented the theft (Weise 2015). Anthem also got covered up in a debate that it happened due to failure to secure data using encryption techniques. Few stated that whether its on the wire or inside storage area Anthems database was never encrypted, which was very crucial for if the data had been encrypted using modern techniques hackers wouldnt have gained access to it without the keys and decryption technique. However, if the attacker is inside the company then encryption wouldnt have been a successful step at all as they have access to all the keys owing to job purposes, hence not the proper solution to the problem. In order to mitigate threats the three of the measures which could have been taken are: Context Aware Access Control: CAAC is related to the authentication of identity that whether the user who is logged in is the authenticated user or not. System checks for every authentication session that where it is coming from, what platform is being used, what is the date and time and similar other things. Now even if an intruder phishes to get login credentials of some employee he will not be able to make use of it as this authentication session would prevent it. Awareness: Cyber-attacks are very common nowadays and every day we come across one or the other news related to it. A proper attention should be given to this news that what method leads to the attack which could help anyone in future. Employees must be aware of what they are clicking at. Scam email campaigns are in very much trend now and one should be aware of that. Behavioural Analysis: The Company must maintain a track record of employees activity and should randomly compare it with other employees who are on same designation which could be achieved using automated system analysis and whenever a questioning activity observed, employees account must be suspended temporarily. Conclusions After the attack, a security system at Anthem has been tightened and they now know the importance of security and secured operating systems. In case, they would have taken these steps before, Anthem could have defeated the trial of attack or may be the suffered loss would have been little. References Correa, D. (2016). Unauthorised access leads to data breach of Acer's e-commerce site, published in SC Magazine, Retrieved on 24th August 2016 from https://www.scmagazineuk.com/unauthorised-access-leads-to-data-breach-of-acers-e-commerce-site/article/503833/. Keane, J. (2016). Data breach at Acers US website exposes names, mailing addresses, and credit cards, Published in Digital Trends, Retrieved on 24th August 2016 from https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/acer-data-breach/. Loshin, P. (2016). Acer's e-commerce website hit by a customer data breach, Published by Tech Target, Retrieved on 25th August 2016 from https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/news/450298892/Acers-ecommerce-website-hit-by-a-customer-data-breach. Stuart, H. (2016). Acer's Website Hacked, Customer Data Stolen, Published by Dark Reading, Retrieved on 25th August 2016 from https://www.darkreading.com/cloud/acers-website-hacked-customer-data-stolen/d/d-id/1325986. Matei, M. (2016). Acers Online Store Gets Hacked, Customer Data At Risk, Published on AH, Retrieved on 24th August 2016 from https://www.androidheadlines.com/2016/06/acers-online-store-gets-hacked-customer-data-at-risk.html. Prabhu, V. (2016). Acer U.S. Online Store Hacked; Breach Exposes Credit Cards, Names, Addresses, Publshed by Tech Worm, Retrieved on 25th August 2016 from https://www.techworm.net/2016/06/acers-u-s-webstore-hacked-names-mailing-addresses-credit-cards-leaked.html. Riley, C. (2015). Insurance giant Anthem hit by massive data breach, Retrieved 23rd August 2015 from https://money.cnn.com/2015/02/04/technology/anthem-insurance-hack-data-security. Mathews, A. (2015). "Anthem: Hacked Database Included 78.8 Million People", Retrieved 24th August 2015 from https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mh-anthem-is-warning-consumers-20150306-column.html. Abelson, R. and Goldstein, M. (2015). "Anthem Hacking Points to Security Vulnerability of Health Care Industry", The New York Times. Weise, E. (2015). "Massive breach at health care company Anthem Inc.". USA Today. McLean, VA: Gannett. ISSN 0734-7456. Whitney, L. (2015). "Anthem's stolen customer data not encrypted - CNET", Retrieved 23rd August 2015 from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/02/data-breach-at-health-insurer-anthem-could-impact-millions/. Mathews, A. and Yadron, D. (2015). "Health Insurer Anthem Hit by Hackers - WSJ", Retrieved 23rd August 2015 from https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/02/04/health-care-anthem-hacked/22900925/. Abelson, R. and Creswellfeb, J. (2015). "Data Breach at Anthem May Forecast a Trend - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Terry, N. (2015). "Time for a Healthcare Data Breach Review Bill of Health", Retrieved 23rd August 2015 from Center for Health Law Policy at Harvard Law School.

Complete Course Material free essay sample

MGT 426 Complete Course Material MGT 426 Week 1 DQ 1 Why is change necessary? What about change is disruptive? How can meeting the challenge of change become organizational opportunities? MGT 426 Week 1 DQ 2 Change: what is in it for me? What is the cycle of change? What are some examples of continuous change? What are some examples of discontinuous change? What are some differences between continuous and discontinuous change? MGT 426 Week 1 Individual Assignment Article Review MGT 426 Week 2 DQ 1 What is organizational culture? What is the relationship between shared vision and organizational culture? How does organizational culture affect an organization’s ability to cope with change? MGT 426 Week 2 DQ 2 How does modeling a change process facilitate change? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the three change models? What are some applications of the three change models? MGT 426 Week 2 Individual Assignment Roles of Managers and Individuals Paper MGT 426 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Managing Change Paper Part I MGT 426 Week 3 DQ 1 Why is it important to do a gap analysis? How do you apply gap analysis to the change models? Give an example of when you may use a gap analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Complete Course Material or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MGT 426 Week 3 DQ 2 What are the steps in implementing change? What should you consider when selecting a change implementation model? Explain. MGT 426 Week 3 Individual Assignment Resistance to Change Paper MGT 426 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Managing Change Paper and Presentation Part II MGT 426 Week 4 DQ 1 How do you measure the progress of change? How do you know change has been institutionalized? How do you determine what changes have occurred? MGT 426 Week 4 DQ 2 What organizational systems are impacted by the cycle of change? Explain. What systems are not as easily impacted by change? Why or why not? MGT 426 Week 4 Individual Assignment Ethics During Change paper MGT 426 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Managing Change Paper Part III MGT 426 Week 5 DQ 1 What characteristics of a learning organization do you see in your organization? What can your organization do to transform into a learning organization? MGT 426 Week 5 DQ 2 How closely does your organization follow Senge’s five disciplines? Is this useful? Why or why not? MGT 426 Week 5 Individual Assignment Learning Organization Paper MGT 426 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Managing Change Paper and Presentation Part IV

The One Essays - Holocaust Literature, Night,

The One As the dark figures enlarge through the thick fog, He walks towards them, Alone and sheltered overhead. Slowly paced, and soggy footed, he arrives. He is unable to speak or think straight. As he slowly lowers his head something catches his eye. He peacefully stares; Stares at the beautiful flowers. The flowers he and his wife planted along their fence. He could still remember the aching pain of his sore, middle aged back, The smell of his wife's worn out, one-size-too-small gloves as he took them off for her, And watching the huge red sunset as they held each other in their aching arms. They made love that night. From that day on he knew she was the one. That was a beautiful day, he thought. A loud morn awakens him from his daydream. He forgets where he is for a while, but soon remembers. He still cannot believe what is happening. To him it seems unreal. Still with his head down, he is afraid; Afraid to look, Afraid of what he might see. Confused, he begins to wonder. He searches for an answer. He had not accomplished what he had planned. As the man with the white collar speaks, he looks up. Still somewhat sceptical of the spectacle, He is afraid; Afraid to listen. He is afraid of what he might hear. Still with his confidence, he awaits; Awaits for the name of inevitability. Out it comes. A name which he remembers to have known his whole life. A name which he cared so much for. A name which he stood by, through thick and thin. A name which he called his own. He wants to feel sad but is curious. He wonders who cared. He looks up, All in black, Except for the one in red. Tight Ass Fender, was its name. Guitar strings, was its game. "You know the ones in the black pack?" "I'll get them when I get back." All I needed was the last string So I can play and I can sing. "Yes, yes" she said "I'm going out. I'll buy this thing." Monday night she went out She had to go that way too! She came back early, With a pack of blue. "Bring then back!" The Old Man Who Scared Me When I Was Little I went outside to play that day, With my mom by my side, by the way. I slid down slides and played on swings; Every time, I played with those things. On a bench to my right I saw a man, old but bright. He had skin that seemed like brown construction paper, And hair as white as snow. He had these dreamy eyes; But why, I'd like to know. He seemed so helpless wearing that old man hat, And that red flannel shirt that made him look fat. I wondered what he was doing there. I wondered what was going through his mind When I got a water gun, And wet him from behind. Before my very eyes He got up and said "Grandson. You're dead!" He then chased me around, Like a fun little fray. Slowly gaining on me like a tiger on its prey. I could stand no more so I had to say, "Okay, okay!" We stopped running and turned to each other. Red now replaced his brown paper face. With sweat pouring down his cheek he said to me, "In a race, you would win first place!"

Rite of Passage Essay Sample

Rite of Passage Essay SampleA rite of passage essay sample is just one part of a greater system for teaching writing. It is often the only way to get a child or teenager excited about writing. The good news is that writing doesn't have to be difficult; in fact, it can be fun!Once you've decided on the essay you're going to write, you'll need to find out what type of essay it will be. For a proper rite of passage essay sample, you'll need to find something that is informal and fun. This might mean something like poetry or a children's book. You can also find popular writing materials that are geared toward a younger audience, like a storybook or songbook.The most important thing to remember when writing an essay for this particular occasion is that it needs to be informal. Formal writing is for adults and older teenagers who already know what they're doing. The goal of a rite of passage essay sample is to get a young person's imagination going so that they'll want to continue writing down their experiences. However, it should not turn into a memoir.Also, the important thing to remember when choosing a writing system is that it should be fun. There are many ways that you can do this, including online writing, writing down what your think, or using character voices. With any of these methods, you will be able to make it fun for the person. If it's not fun, then they won't continue to write.You should also remember that every rite has two sides. While some want to write in a specific format, others will write whatever comes to mind. Therefore, you'll need to be aware of this as well and keep it in mind whenever you're writing the essay.When all is said and done, there is still the question of how to plan the rite itself. You will need to find out what the school has to say about this, as well as the rules and regulations that will govern it.There is nothing wrong with planning your site on your own, but you'll want to make sure that you follow the rules of the part icular school that you're attending. If there are specific requirements for the kind of rite that you need to organize, then you should consider studying up on them before you plan the event.By following these guidelines, you should be able to come up with a rite of passage essay sample that is both appropriate and fun. Once you have it written, you'll need to test it to see how it turns out.

Free Essays on Drug Punishment

For years the U.S. drug policy has taken the approach of imprisoning anyone connected with illegal drugs. During these years the drug use has increased, and the majority of drug offenders released from jail return. Also because of mandatory jail time for drug offenders the nation’s jails are extremely overcrowded. The U.S. is now the operator of the worlds largest prison system, and spends nearly $9 billion dollars a year to keep drug offenders in jail (55% of which are classified as low level offenders, or not dangerous.) It is time to re-evaluate our nations drug policy, and try a new drug prevention program. The 8th amendment states that punishment should be fair according to the crime committed. In Washington, a 68 year old man was imprisoned and lost his 3 bedroom house and the land it was on after he was found growing a couple marijuana plants to help ease his cluster headaches. In Utah, a 80 year old man lost his 160 acre ranch after someone found a handful of marijuana plants growing on a remote corner of his land, which he did not even know about. Billy Munnerlyn lost his privately owned air charter business, after he transported a man carrying illegal drugs. Munnerlyn had no connection or knowledge of the drugs. Now ask yourself, Does this seem fair? What I’m proposing is a program that focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. We need to get rid of mandated prison sentences for minor drug offenders. The best alternative to this solution is an intensive , supervised, rehabilitation system. This program should include community service, job training, and mandatory participation in proven drug treatment programs. As stated in the preamble of the constitution, our government strives towards the general welfare of our society. This program will give drug offenders a chance to turn their lives around and become productive, tax paying, law abiding citizens. Studies have shown that forcing drug users in... Free Essays on Drug Punishment Free Essays on Drug Punishment For years the U.S. drug policy has taken the approach of imprisoning anyone connected with illegal drugs. During these years the drug use has increased, and the majority of drug offenders released from jail return. Also because of mandatory jail time for drug offenders the nation’s jails are extremely overcrowded. The U.S. is now the operator of the worlds largest prison system, and spends nearly $9 billion dollars a year to keep drug offenders in jail (55% of which are classified as low level offenders, or not dangerous.) It is time to re-evaluate our nations drug policy, and try a new drug prevention program. The 8th amendment states that punishment should be fair according to the crime committed. In Washington, a 68 year old man was imprisoned and lost his 3 bedroom house and the land it was on after he was found growing a couple marijuana plants to help ease his cluster headaches. In Utah, a 80 year old man lost his 160 acre ranch after someone found a handful of marijuana plants growing on a remote corner of his land, which he did not even know about. Billy Munnerlyn lost his privately owned air charter business, after he transported a man carrying illegal drugs. Munnerlyn had no connection or knowledge of the drugs. Now ask yourself, Does this seem fair? What I’m proposing is a program that focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. We need to get rid of mandated prison sentences for minor drug offenders. The best alternative to this solution is an intensive , supervised, rehabilitation system. This program should include community service, job training, and mandatory participation in proven drug treatment programs. As stated in the preamble of the constitution, our government strives towards the general welfare of our society. This program will give drug offenders a chance to turn their lives around and become productive, tax paying, law abiding citizens. Studies have shown that forcing drug users in...

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary - Assignment Example The second step was investigating the speaks as well as distributing the peak lengths and finally random sampling all this for simplifying the major difficulty while studying cells. This is when the scientists need to use complete genome unsystematic sequencing technique to sequence the genome which is quite difficult to acquire and very expensive. One genome consists of a single double circular stranded chromosome of DNA 1, 138,006 bases long and comes in pairs. A genome contains roughly 1,090 genes encoding 1,041 proteins. In the genomic DNA, these reading frames account for 93%. 17% of these genes group depending on other organisms’ similarities and 55% are roles that have definition. An encoded protein ranges from 3235 to 172,869daltons. Some of the applications of DNA technology in medicine include syphilis cure and medicine. Syphilis researchers find it difficult to work with T. pallidum because it is not possible in the lab. The reason it is not possible is because it d oes survive outside the body of a mammal which in this case is the human being or the mammalian cells. The current method of studying T. pallidum is using a rabbit and infecting its testes. From there the symptoms start appearing and they do the same as in human beings. The other reason why study is not possible with human beings is that nobody can accept to take the risk of getting the virus. There are however, pros and cons of the technology especially having in mind that Penicillin has been the best drug of choice to treat syphilis for over 60 years. In the 1960’s, scientists came up with an alternative therapy to penicillin even though there were no signs of antibiotic resistance. The major difficulty while studying syphilis is its inability to culture in a laboratory. Scientists should come up with more ideas on how to do the study because some animals share the same traits and symptoms when sick . Scientists need to use complete genome unsystematic sequencing technique to sequence the genome which is quite difficult to acquire and very expensive. One genome consists of a single double circular stranded chromosome of DNA 1, 138,006 bases long and comes in pairs. A genome contains roughly 1,090 genes encoding 1,041 proteins. In the genomic DNA, these reading frames account for 93%. 17% of these genes group depending on other organisms’ similarities and 55% are roles that have definition. An encoded protein ranges from 3235 to 172,869daltons. Contact lenses This video talk about Contact lens solutions, which mostly come from companies, based in the United Kingdom. The contact solutions have greatly changed the lives of Britons since the companies landed in the United Kingdom 25 years ago. They are on first name terms with Billy, Hemnes and Malm. They are in a variety and come in black-brown, white, blue, veneer and Oak veneer. In these contact lens manufacturing companies, one will also find other particulars related to contact lenses like the lenses themselves although Britons do not know them as well. Since the contact lens solutions, companies opened in United Kingdom, they have been selling contact lens solutions. Swedish product lines of business have turned into a fixture in the homes of the nation. Brits purchased over eight million bookcases to

ExxonMobil Oil Essay Example for Free

ExxonMobil Oil Essay As far as my knowledge of anthropology is concerned ExxonMobil Oil must have great empathy for Gwichin, which I think they have but they are not showing it properly to Gwichin. Tundra is home town or village of Gwichin and they must be scared of such activities because they are unaware of the consequences of drilling and seismic exploration, etc. There is lack of communication between ExxonMobil and Gwichin and other personnel who hold the authority to give permission to drill or explore oil. Gwichin think that ExxonMobil oil does not bother for their rights, they have to do what they want to do independent of our satisfaction. Gwichin thinks that these people have already made their minds and they don not want to listen to us. ExxonMobil Oil must send delegations to Gwichin to hold negotiations with Gwichin and make them aware about the technology and modern ways of drilling and exploration. They must tell Gwichin that although these activities are harmful to environment to some extent but modern technology has reduced this harm to minimum. In fact positive changes after drilling and production of oil will be great as compared to the negative impacts and Gwichin must be made well aware by each of those positive impacts. ExxonMobil Oil must keep in mind that it would be very difficult for Gwichin to agree to their points very quickly because Gwichins are adapted to this type of environment for several years and any sudden change to their environment and change about which Gwichin does not know completely would not be welcomed very easily. ExxonMobil Oil must show empathy which they posses for Gwichin and for that they would have to strive very hard. Gwichin must also be told that, in petroleum activities such as drilling, exploration, etc foremost importance is given to environment, health and safety. It must be told that no waste is directly exposed to the environment which harmful for the environment without treating. Gwichin must be told that there will not be any disturbance directly to the environment for a very long time. At the time of commencing of any drilling or exploration activity there will be bit of problem but later hurdles will only be in the form of pipelines and small stations, which could be designed in such a way causing minimum or no harm to the environment or to the wildlife residing in the land of tundra. ExxonMobil Oil must emphasis on the benefits rather then adversities which Gwichin will enjoy after the exploration and production of oil. Gwichin must also be included in the advisory committee of development of this field for their satisfaction and performing the activity in better way from Gwichin point of view. Gwichin must be told that although there will be bit of change but that change is beneficial for these people in great number of ways. For example if drilling, exploration or other such activity takes place then this could be an easy source of income for the Gwichin as compared to old livelihood. ExxonMobil must be determined to compel these people and must remember that if there is a will there is always a way. ExxonMobil can also use personnel from other tribe which agreed to the drilling and exploration activity in their as part of their delegations. On the other hand Gwichin must also compromise. Gwichin must listen to their proposals, in fact Gwichin must also propose a plan because these people are better aware of the environment and they can point out subtleties which others will not even know and can also point out their better remedy. ExxonMobil Oil and Gwichin both must join their heads together to make such a plan which cause minimum damage to the environment, to tundra land, to the wildlife living there and finally to the Gwichins. REFERENCES 1. Anthropology by Robert Ranulph Marett

The Internet is More of a Help than Hindrance :: essays research papers

We are all familiar with internet. Since it was born to affirm the development of society, it rapidly changes our life so much. How does it impact on us? What do you think its value could be a help or a hindrance? Let?s discover the answer by now. Everyday, imagine how man people in the world using internet? What does it used for? Why it is a help? 1. a help ? super human it is clever because it obtains a marvellous mind( memory) Eg: it is a perfect teacher with incredible ability at the same time it can teach thousands students with various range of knowledge. it helps you to find information and solve the problems about politic, business, health? ? super speed Using internet your time is saved by second. Its special term is "what you see is what you get? Imagine that how long it takes you to market to buy goods? Instead just log in internet you can buy clothes, food, banking, booking the ticket while you can relax and do other jobs as well. ? super accurate It is intangible spy. From the internet you are able to monitor exactly what is happening in the moon? Even watch the news in America. Thus, I honestly suggest that internet makes your life easier and more convenient with faster speed and effective work. 1. A hindrance On the other hand it is hindrance when people use it for the dark purpose. For example, children are likely to play game which is resulted less effort in study, others like to copy available resources down as their idea. Moreover, according to ABC news, last year two students were suicide as they surfing internet. It causes a shock for numerous of students. As a result, internet is murderer. Other example is after watching the horror and sex films the teenagers and adult like to do the same as the film did. It poisons the human nature.

Library management system Essay

1. 1 Background of the study With diminishing finances, it is rarely possible for a library or information center to have enough resources to fulfill the needs of its clients. What is being delivered is only a portion of what their clients actually need (Ramos & Mohd Ali, 2005). Collaboration is widely recognized as the best way for libraries to cope with the ever increasing challenges: volume of information resources; nature and quality of information; user needs and expectations; information and communication technology competencies and infrastructure; inflated cost of information resources; and staffing needs. However, although these challenges have continued to prevail, libraries working under collaborative initiatives like the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) have registered tremendous success. This thesis reports the findings of a thorough study to establish the factors that have led to the success of CARLI and how such success factors can be applied in libraries of developing countries like Uganda. Emphasis is placed on the establishment of CARLI leadership, the sharing of responsibility and decision making processes as well as sources of funding for the consortium. Also central to the research study is exploration of the role and responsibility of participating member libraries and their contributions to and expectations from the consortium. I contend that lack of funding to facilitate consortium activitiesis not the central factor in the failed progress of the planned consortium activities in Uganda, rather it is the lack of committed leadership and cooperation among participating libraries that is responsible for the lack of progress. In any kind of organization or cooperation like a library consortium, funding has never been enough due to ever changing technologies and continuous demands from library patrons. However, good leadership and cooperation among membership plays a bigger role in achieving a common goal. Having and working towards a common goal, under dedicated, dynamic and faithful leadership with an active and energetic membership plays a great role in the success of a consortium. 2 To assist in the possible improvement of consortium operations in Uganda, I need to understand the leadership, responsibility, staffing, collection, policies and procedures, funding and structure of academic libraries in the participating membership of CARLI in comparison with those of Uganda. My research has incorporated interviews with CARLI staff and a questionnaire survey to all the participating CARLI membership. 1. 2 Problem statement. There is now ample research on the benefits of library collaboration mainly in developed countries (Kaul 2001, Riley 2006, Wright 2006, Bennett 2007, Foulonneau et al. 2007, Williams 2008, Feather, Bracken & Diaz 2008, Butler 1998, Domatob, 1998). In Africa, a lot of research has been devoted toward the need for collaboration (Musoke 2008, Paulos 2008, Kinengyere 2007, Ibeun & Obasuyi 2007,Amaeshi (Ed. ) 2003, Kaul 2001, Rosenberg 2001, Ade Ajayi, Goma & Johnson 1996) and a few registered successes (Musoke 2008, Paulos 2008, Rosenberg 2001, Kinengyere 2007, Ibeun & Obasuyi 2007, Amaeshi (Ed.) 2003, Kaul 2001). However, no research has been reported on how to apply identified success factorsfrom developed countries in order to bring a change in developing countries. Developed countries have registered tremendous success stories compared to less developed countries; failure in developing countries has been attributed to poor funding without looking at other factors like committed leadership and cooperative membership. The National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) (2007) indicates that there are six public and twenty-four private universities giving a total of thirty registered universities in Uganda. Of these, only twenty-one universities and two research institutions are actively and currently participating in the Consortium of Uganda University Libraries, (CUUL) (2008). It is clear, however, that most of these universities do not have adequate resources to support certain, if not all, areas of their academic and research programmes. Since 2005, access to computer facilities, books and other learning materials has improved; still many are farfrom reaching ratios comparable to world standards; and, unfortunately, the student tobook ratio dropped from twenty-three books per student to nineteen in 2006 (NCHE, 2007). The NCHE 2006 (2007) study further shows that there has been a 9. 4% increase in the total number of students that enroll in the universities from 124,313 in 2005 to 137,190 in 2006 without an increase in 3  the number of information materials in most of these universities. Although there is evidence of no increase in the number of information resources to be used by students in these universities, NCHE instead attributes the low level of research across the higher education spectrum to inadequate funding; more so, the student to book ratio stated above is far below the set standards and NCHE does not suggest for these universities to participate in resource sharing as a way of bridging the student to book ratio. The NCHE (2007) acknowledges the usefulness of the library, stating that â€Å"the library†¦ is the heartbeat of an academic institution†. However, its 2006 study indicates that universities have continued to reduce the amount of money spent on books (0. 1% in private and in 2. 5% in public universities) and that library space is being converted to student instruction classrooms. This is an indication of low spending on library books; much as these universities are still working harder to acquire information materials, space to store them is also becoming another challenge. One of the important things I have learned all through the time I have worked at Makerere University Library’s outreach programme inpartnership with CUUL as Deputy Country Coordinator for E-resources, on top of other significant institutional challenges among African universities, a committed leadership and membership was noticed as still lacking among CUUL membership. While there are already tangible successes registered by CUUL, still much has not been achieved, like spearheading resource sharing as one of its objectives since inception. This study begins to address issues that are surrounding the inefficiency involved in partnership, networking and collaboration among university libraries in Uganda. This includes how universities with far better information resources like Makerere University can share with newly established universities lacking sufficient library resources. More particularly, the study directly addresses consortium issues like leadership, communication and membership contribution as key factors in this kind of collaboration. 1. 3 Objectives of the study. †¢ Study the consortium history among academic and research libraries in the state of Illinois 4 †¢ Identify the factors that influence libraries to join and continue to participate in a consortium †¢ Determine how consortium values affect participating libraries †¢ Determine the effectiveness and extent of resource sharing among CARLI member libraries †¢ Identify factors that lead to the success of a consortium other than money †¢ Suggest practical ways for resource sharing in developing countries like Uganda 1. 4 Limitations of the study. Any comparison of differing societies, or search for causal relationships must be conducted within dimensional identities (Amaeshi (Ed), 2003); meaning, a perceived need to understand the economic, political, educational and sociological factors that affect information sharing among universities in both developed and developing countries. While the majority of the developments are standard practice in academic libraries in the developed world, many of these issues are relatively new to us in developing countries, and we have had to contextualize them by finding practical but local ways of addressing some of them (Musoke, 2008). In this study therefore, I do fully understand the dimensional identities that exist among CARLI and CUUL; I try to contextualize identified success factors by finding practical but local ways of applying these factors that have led to CARLI advancement putting into context the economic, political, educational and sociological environments of operation between the two consortia. 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 1 Introduction In my literature review, I have found a good representative literature discussing the need for collaboration among Uganda’s universities and research institutions and a few outlines of the benefits so far registered in these universities. However, little is written in detail about resource sharing as a way to bridge the shortage of information resources among these universities. I am grateful to some authors (Musoke 2008, Paulos 2008, NCHE 2007, Rosenberg 2001, Kaul 2001) who identified some of the factors that have hindered collaboration in Africa, although their discussions outline funding as a major factor in this progress as opposed to good leadership, effective communication and responsive membership. By studying the relevant literature, it will help me understand more fully how other factors play a big role in the development of consortium in developing countries. 2. 1. 1 State of higher education in Uganda. To date, the existing physical resources of higher education institutions are quite inadequate. Past political instability, lack of financial resources and the general lack of a culture that values maintenance have combined to cause gross negligence in the maintenance of physical infrastructure including laboratories, seminar rooms, libraries, research facilities and staff offices (Musisi, 2003). Higher education received about 10 percent of a total Ministry budget of UGX 619. 93 billion in the 2004/05 budget year (Ministry of Education and Sports,  2005), a rate that has remained more or less constant since the mid 1990s. The implementation of cost sharing in institutions of higher learning has increased revenue generation to supplement transfers from the government. In addition to cost sharing, funds are generated internally through private sponsorship of students, consultancies, sales of services and contributions from donors, (Musisi, 2003). However these sources have not beenable to accommodate the ever increasing budget needs. Due to such poor funding, much has been left undone. 2. 1. 2 Structure of academic libraries in Uganda According to the Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions Act of 2001, with reference to Makerere University library structure (Makerere University Library, 2007), 6 the overall administration of libraries is vested in the office of the University Librarian who reports to the Vice-Chancellor through the Deputy Vice-Chancellor in Charge of Academic Affairs (DVC-AA). The University Librarian is a member of Makerere University Top Management and Senate. Within the library, the University Librarian and deputies form the Library’s Management team, which works with heads of sections and branch libraries to implement University Library policies and programmes, and enforce library rules and regulations. The policy making body of the University Library is the Academic Programmes and Library Committee, which is a senate committee chaired by the DVC-AA. It is composed of members of Senate representing the sciences, arts and humanities, library, students and other relevant stakeholders. 2. 1. 3 History of consortium in Uganda To strengthen the network of librarians, researchers and academics in developing countries and Uganda in particular, the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) encouraged librarians to form national consortia. During a workshop on the topic of library cooperation for effective provision of information in Uganda and beyond, CUUL was established in 2001. Areas of cooperation include resource mobilization and sharing, and training and marketing of member libraries (Kinengyere, 2007). One of the challenges being addressed by CUUL is the sustainability of e-journal subscriptions atthe end of donor funding. In November 2005, CUUL decided on the mechanism of cost-sharing the e-resources, starting in 2006. Out of the 43 registered Programme for the Enhancement of Research Information institutions-(PERI)-Uganda, only 11 (25%) responded to the e-resources sustainability initiative in time for the 2007 subscriptions and this trend has not changed to date (Kinengyere, 2007). The networking and collaboration of CUUL has not yielded good results as outlined in its objectives and thishas been blamed on the lack of funds without looking at other factors like the commitment of its membership, and trust from its leadership. Both CUUL and CARLI which began in July 1, 2005, do have a lot in common in their formation. Like UIUC for CARLI, Makerere University Library is the coordinating institution for CUUL under the PERI programme. The current establishment of CUUL as per its constitution (2001) is composed of a five member elected executive committee (Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Treasurer, Secretary, 7 Publicity) who conduct CUUL activities in addition to their institutional responsibilities; and a committee of representatives from actively participating institutions called ‘Functional committees’ who help to coordinate CUUL activities in their respective institutions. It is interesting to note that the ‘Functional committees’ referred to by CUUL are never as active as they should be. 2. 1. 4 The need for collaboration A perceived need for collaboration among the African university libraries was stated as early as 1990 (Ifidon, 1990); and was outlined in the Carnegie meeting of 2004, which identified the ability to participate in a global economy that is increasingly centered on access to knowledge as a critical key in solving the problems of the African nations. One of the goals of the conference was to develop partnerships between libraries and donors, and establish a platform on which future consortia and agendas could be built. During the meeting, many problems faced by African university libraries were discussed, such as poor networks, little cooperation between institutions that create their own databases of local materials, and very few digitization programs to increase African content on the Web and respond to the thousands of different cultures and languages across the continent. The benefits of collaboration, consortia, networks and peer support have been emphasized in information science literature for a long time. Most of the success stories reported by African University Librarians revolve around collaboration and networking within institutions to lobby policy makers, within the country to form consortia and share the subscription of e-resources, build capacity andget professional support. The actual and potential of networking, cooperation and digitization is to modify the functions of acquiring, storing and disseminating information and knowledge, hence the need to be supported (Musoke, 2008). Because of limited resources there is, therefore, need to build on the achievements, share experiences and best practices through collaboration and networks. 2. 1. 5 Resource sharing The concept of resource sharing has been used in the developed countries as a means to alleviate the resource inadequacies of individual libraries. In Africa, it has been seized upon as a way of sustaining informationservices. Rosenberg (2001, p. 14- 8. 15) in her paper â€Å"The sustainability of libraries and resource centers in Africa† quoted a Kenyan librarian who concluded that â€Å"there is no doubt that resource sharing programmes have a significant role to play in developing countries, given the problem of scarce resources† and â€Å"if libraries are to continueto meet the demands of other users, increased cooperation and resource sharing are vital†. Rosenberg (1993) continues to note that on the ground there is little in the way of resource sharing. In some ways the situation has deteriorated, as systems that used towork (like the East African Literature Service) have collapsed. The survey (Rosenberg, 2001) of University libraries in Africa found that interlibrary lending (the main, if not the only, form of resource sharing practiced), was minimal, especially in-country and within Africa. Such evidence suggests that there is a lot that needs to be done in order to bring a change about the idea of resource sharing among universities and research institutions. Even though these universities have little to share, even a little sharing may help future sharing of acquisitions in the most demanding subject areas. 2. 1. 6 Research and research paradigms In her paper â€Å"Strategies for addressing the university library users’ changing needs and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa†, Musoke (2008) states that there is drastic change in the methods of conducting research and research paradigms. For example, the demand for a multidisciplinary approach to research has meant that a research project in the Medical School, which would ordinarily require medical literature now also requires some social science and ICT components. Such approaches put further demands on the already meager information resourcesin our libraries, hence the need for sharing. The diversity of research methods is an indicator of the complexity of research and the challenges of meeting the information needs of human beings conducting research. Such challenges call for immediate revival of resource sharing among these universities in order to meet the changing needs. The presence and advancements in information technology can also help in this process. 2. 1. 7 Policy formation and leadership The Association of African Universities (AAU) emphasizes that the way ahead for the development of research and postgraduate capacity in African universities is through selective concentration of resources within the university system, and the 9  achievement of collaborative links among African universities, and between African universities and research institutions (AAU, 2009). In order to achieve that goal, AAU suggested that providing effective leadership to facilitate meaningful regional interuniversity cooperation among African universities may help to ease the resource constraints and to build a viable educational enterprise in Africa capable of meeting the challenges ahead (Ade Ajayi, Goma & Johnson, 1996) 2. 1. 8 Consortium membership. Among the most serious problems of Uganda’s libraries is the low level of and response rate towards collaboration and consortium in a number of library and information science activities. According to Paulos(2008), the most successful libraries in southern Africa, like in Botswana and South Africa, have been able to form strong alliances. Developing complex and strong links and partnerships facilitates the utilization of information resources. An example of a successful regional network is the Association for Health Information and Libraries in Africa (AHILA). In addition to its international connections, AHILA has two internal concerns—sharing scarce resources through interlibrary cooperation and developing systems for improved bibliographic control of the health literature produced in Africa (Kinegyere, 2008). Such strategies if applied at the national level will not only strengthen regional networks, but also work as satellite communication networks for international organizations to overcome the problems of lack of physical infrastructure and as a basis for enhancing access to information among university libraries with fewer resources. 2. 1. 9 Library funding The importance of government support towards consortia is elucidated in the plan of the United Nations (UN) World Summit on theInformation Society. This body acknowledges the significance of addressing fundamental issues of development in universal access, infrastructure, information and communication technologies, literacy, skills and training, E-learning, and E-Agriculture (Ibeun & Obasuyi, 2007). If Uganda is a signatory, it should join other countries in the attempt to support libraries and archives. Lack of funding has been a bigger issue among university libraries and has been attributed to lack of understanding of the role of libraries in an institution of higher 10 learning by university and political leaders as it emerged from the Carnegie conference (2004) and mentioned by many other writers (Musoke 2008, Ade Ajayi, Goma & Johnson 1996, Paulos 2008, Rosenberg 2001). However, not all African countries are dependent on external funding. Libraries in Botswana and South Africa are examples where funding is internally generated and the quality of library resources is very high, (Paulos, 2008). As a source of funding for libraries in Africa, including Uganda, Paulos (2008) in his paper â€Å"Library resources, knowledge production, and Africa in the 21 st century† suggested the need for funding from African governments; the importance of proactive approaches on the part of academic librarians in Africa – including the importance of identifying unique materials in the collections and seeking collaboration to digitize them; and the importance of outreach, in particular, seeking the support of Africans in the diaspora. 2. 1. 10 Increasing number of library users The growing number of university students, the increase in study programmes coupled with paradigm shifts in curriculum and research, the increase in research and the rapid ICT developments have all changed the routines of traditional academic librarianship (Musoke, 2008). The demand for information resources has increased, with diminishing budgets, resulting in a poor service to library users. This is further evidenced in the NCHE report of 2007 as outlined above. 2. 2 Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) CARLI is an unincorporated association, with a total of 153 member institutions all over the State of Illinois (CARLI, July 2009). 2. 2. 1 History July 1, 2005 saw the merging of three Illinois academic library consortia to a consolidated consortium called CARLI; the merged  consortia include: Illinois Cooperative Collection Management Program (ICCMP), formed in 1986 and provided statewide collection studies and grants; Illinois Digital Academic Library (IDAL), formed in 1999 and provided centralized electronic resource licensing; and Illinois Library Computer Systems Organization (ILCSO) formed in 1980, provided the shared integrated library system Illinet Online which became I-Share in the consolidation. The merging of these three consortia was aimed at improving the efficiency and cost 11  effectiveness of services, increasing the effectiveness of consortial and member library staff efforts, and creating opportunities to pursuenew programs and services that the three constituent consortia would not have been able to provide on their own. CARLI has continued to add new products, services and programs including: The I-Share integrated library system, E-resources licensing, digital collections and statewide collections awards and programs. 2. 2. 2 Strategic plan, values, and goals CARLI remains fully committed to fulfilling its established mission: The Consortium leads Illinois academic libraries tocreate and sustain a rich, supportive, and diverse knowledge environment that furthers teaching, learning, and research through the sharing of collections, expertise and programs  and attaches great importance to cooperation among academic and research libraries of all types, sizes and missions; respect for the diverse missions and populations served by member institutions; recognition of each member institution’s autonomy; Sharing the full range of academic library resources effectively and economically; free and open access to all intellectual resources; excellence in providing services and programs; innovation in identifying and implementing collaborative solutions to shared challenges; responsiveness to member needs; cost-effectiveness in the delivery of programs, services, and products; careful stewardship of all CARLI resources; protecting the privacy and security of library records; supportingintellectual freedom; and advocacy for academic and research libraries at the local, state, regional and national levels. Furthermore, the consortium reaffirms its commitment to resource sharing, through the continued maintenance and development of its integrated library management system, and the provision of meaningful electronic resources, through brokering, subsidization and cost-sharing agreements as outlined in its four broad strategic priorities: Collaboration and Leadership, Innovation, Resource Sharing, and E-Resources (CARLI, 2007). 12 2. 2. 3 Membership 2. 2. 3. 1 How to become a CARLI member All higher education institutions in Illinois that are recognized by the Illinois Board of Higher Education, and are members of the Illinois Library and Information Network (ILLINET) are eligible for membership in CARLI; andwill agree to abide by the terms and conditions of the CARLI Membership Agreement and any other subsidiary agreements governing participation in a specific CARLI service. However individual member libraries retain autonomy over their own operations. CARLI membership includes three categories each with a different entitlement and responsibility, and different annual membership fees. As of the fall of2009 there were 107 Governing, 30 Associate and 16 Basic members. 2. 2. 3. 2 Membership categories and obligations Governing membership is entitled to participate in all CARLI products, services, and programs at the fullest level of central support; participate in all CARLI committees, task forces, and user groups; receive priority status on waiting lists to join I-Share and other premium services like enrollment in training sessions. Associate membership is eligible for most services and programs, and participates in CARLI governance as a group represented by a single voting member on the CARLI Board of Directors. Basic membership qualifies for selected services and programs, and does not participate in CARLI governance or voting. CARLI member institutions may upgrade to a higher or move to a lesser membership level by following the CARLI Bylaws. Eligible institutions that have not joined CARLI may participate in CARLIemail discussion lists, and may attend CARLI training events and workshops at a feesometimes higher than that of the three membership categories. 2. 2. 3. 3 Membership benefits. CARLI serves over 98% of Illinois higher education students, faculty and staff at 153 member institutions of which 76 institutions benefit from I-Share; E-resources brokering with over 1,000 discounted subscriptions to electronic journals and other resources; a 24-hour delivery by Illinois Library Delivery Service (ILDS) to 141 CARLI libraries and all the state’s regional library systems; the Book Digitization Initiative for Illinois academic and research libraries; in-house development of VuFind an open 13 source front end to I-Share catalog; and participation in the University of Rochester’s Extensible Catalog project. 2. 2. 3. 4 Funding sources CARLI’s sources of funding include annual subscription membership fees where Governing membership contribution ranges from a minimum of $1000 to a maximum of $10,000 and is calculated by student Full Time Equivalent (FTE) enrollment and institution type, Associate members pay $500, and Basic membership is $100. Other funding includes contributions towards e-resources brokering, development of library systems like I-share catalogue and VuFind, support for digitization projects and the Open Content Alliance, through conducting workshops where each membership contributes different fees to participate in any activity, and grants from the state and federal governments. The CARLI financial year runs from July 1 – June 30. 2. 2. 4 Governance CARLI operates under the direction of the CARLI Bylaws 2008 (CARLI, 2008, 2006). The University of Illinois serves as CARLI’s fiscal and contractual agent under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois and CARLI Board of Directors. CARLI operates as a unit of the University Office for Planning. and Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2. 2. 4. 1 Board of Directors and committees CARLI Board of Directors oversees the affairs of CARLI except those reserved for the entire membership; sets strategic directionof the consortium; oversees all CARLI committees; reviews and approves the detail and thetotal organizational budget each year; advises and gives recommendations on the hiring and evaluation of the Assistant Vice-President for Planning & Administration/ CARLIExecutive Director; and provides advice and input to the University of Illinois in matters relating to the Consortium. The Board meets regularly throughout the year. In addition to the Board of Directors, there are several committees, working groups, user groups, and task groups established to support the Board in carrying out operational and programmatic activities of the consortium; assist the Board in the development, implementation, operation, and evaluation of programs and services; provide the Board with advice and recommendations related to policy, management, fiscal, and on other matters that 14 require the Board’s attention. Each committee or group has CARLI liaison fulltime staff who works as a focal point for a designated committee; committees meet quarterly with CARLI Board of Directors or as required. The committees and groups are required to present reports at the end of each task assigned tothem; the reports are published and made public online on the CARLI web page. 2. 2. 4. 2 Board committee organization Board committees are of two categories, standing (permanent) committees referenced in the CARLI Bylaws and temporary â€Å"ad hoc† groups established to carry out a specific task and then discharged. All committeesreport to the Board on a schedule established by the Board. Each Board committee has a CARLI staff liaison. Ad hoc groups have sunset dates at which point the group will be discharged. 2. 2. 4. 2. 1 Standing (permanent) committees There are five permanent committees established by the CARLI Bylaws. Executive committee: The officers of the CARLI Board of Directors shall constitute the Executive Committee. The Committee is advisory both to the Chair and to the Board of Directors on scheduling agenda topics and preparing information for the Board of Directors’ review and action. The Executive Committee is authorized to act on behalf of the Board of Directors on any urgent matter requiring Board approval, unless a regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors is scheduled to take place within 48 hours. The CARLI Board elects its own Vice-Chair/Chair-Elect each year to join the current Chair, Past Chair, and CARLI Executive Director in forming the Executive Committee and will meet as needed to update the Board on their plans and actions. CARLI Executive Director is the Staff or Board liaison. The finance committee provides the Board with recommendations related to annual budget requests, the annual budget, the annual financial performance report, and any other financial matters that require the Board’s attention. It’s composed of four Board members, one each from public institutions, private institutions, community colleges, and one at large. The Past CARLI Chair isthe chair of the committee. The Finance committee reports to the CARLI Board of Directors, on a quarterly basis. CARLI Staff or Board liaisons are the CARLI Executive Director, and CARLI Director for Business and Financial Services. 15 The personnel committee provides the Board with recommendations and input into the recruitment, compensation and evaluation of performance of the Assistant VicePresident and Executive Director. The Board, in turn, provides its recommendations to the University of Illinois. The Committee may also provide the Board with recommendations and input into any other personnel matters that require its attention. The Personnel Committee is composed of four Board members, one each from public institutions, private institutions, community colleges, and one at large. The ViceChair/Chair Elect is the Chair of the Committee. The group reports to the CARLI Board of Directors and University of Illinois Associate Vice President for Planning and Budgeting on an annual basis. The CARLI Board liaison is the University of Illinois Associate Vice President for Planning and Budge.